Chavez: Weakening Democracy Essay -- Government

What is democracy? According to the online version of the Miriam Webster dictionary, democracy is political relation by the people in addition is a government in which supreme power is invested by the people and it is exercised by the people directly or indirectly through a depictive system in which periodically held free elections. Venezuela as well as other countries in Latin America has undergone constant changes in their democracy, produced by their rulers. The main(a) function of the government is to ensure the safety of the state, its territory and its inhabitants. Also their objective is to strength the democratic institutions that ensure the democratic liberties and rights. Unfortunately, not all the leaders ar capable of respecting these functions and get corrupted by the power granted by the people, or they simply came to power with the idea of governing for their get ahead and not for the benefit of its citizens. President Chavez is no exception to the rule, after b eing imprisoned for a failed coup against Carlos Andres Perez in 1992 which was provoked by the severe economic situation that touch on the country in the 90s. In this essay, I would like to present the premise that Hugo Chavez Frias, even though was selected by the people and still today has the support of the legal age of the people, has been constantly weakening the democracy in Venezuela. To support this argument I am going to present chronological examples of the different actions committed by Chavez and his government since his ascension to power in 1998.Hugo Chavez, a former lieutenant colonel in the militia resulted president in 1998. Shortly after having come to power instead of focusing on solving the precarious economic situation in which the cou... ...Works CitedMerriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. .Schuyler, George W. (2001), Health and Neoliberalism Venezuela and Cuba (PDF), retrieved April 21, 2012Corrales, Javier. A Setback For Chavez. journal of Democracy first ser. 22 (2011) 122-36. Print.Comparing Democratic Institutions in Venezuela and Canada. Venezuela News, Views, and Analysis. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. .Kornblith, Miriam, and Vinay Jawahar. Elections versus Democracy. Journal of Democracy 16.1 (2005) 124-37. Print.Corrales, Javier. Hugo Boss Foreign Policy (2006), No. 152. pp. 32-40. http//www.jstor.org/stable/25461989 Corrales, Javier, and Michael. Penfold-Becerra. Venezuela Crowding Out the Opposition. Journal of Democracy 18.2 (2007) 99-113. Print.

Stem Cell Research :: Controversy, Debate, Politics

al-Qaida cells are cells that can digit into any type of cell, they are found in thrum marrow, embryos, fet practices, and blood from the umbilical cord. Early in development, a benignant embryo is made up of a hollow b totally of cells cal direct a blastocyst. Blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of a human being, a process called differentiation. Embryonic shuck cells can be grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to cross off into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. Scientists fancy to control the differentiation of the cells to replace cells in diseased organs in human beings. Embryonic foot cells can also be used to mental testing the effects of new drugs without harming animals or passel. In adult human beings, basis cells are found in many places in the body, including the skin, liver, bone marrow, and muscles. In the organs, stem cells remain inactive until they are needed. The stem cells sup ply each organ with cells needed to replace damaged or dead cells. work up marrow stem cells divide to produce more stem cells, additional cells called precursor cells, and all of the different cells that make up the blood and immune system. precursor cells have the mightiness to form many different types of cells, still they cannot produce more stem cells. Scientists can isolate bone marrow stem cells to use as sponsor cells in transplants. Adult stem cells, however, are rare and more difficult to detect and isolate. The disc everyplacey and isolation of embryonic stem cells has led to debate over whether it is right to use cells taken from human embryos for research. People have expressed concern about using human embryos and collecting some of their cells. Some battalion consider embryos already to be human beings. The embryos are destroyed in the process of isolating the stem cells. Once removed from an embryo, stem cells alone cannot form another embryo or develop in to a human being. Many people consider it wrong to destroy human embryos, but other people debate that the potential medical benefits of stem cells justify their use. Scientists have found that stem cells can grow into 210 types of cells in the human body. Scientists believe that these cells can be used to cure many diseases that they have tried to find a cure for.Stem Cell Research Controversy, Debate, Politics Stem cells are cells that can form into any type of cell, they are found in bone marrow, embryos, fetuses, and blood from the umbilical cord. Early in development, a human embryo is made up of a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. Blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of a human being, a process called differentiation. Embryonic stem cells can be grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to differentiate into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. Scientists hope to control the differentiation of the ce lls to replace cells in diseased organs in human beings. Embryonic stem cells can also be used to test the effects of new drugs without harming animals or people. In adult human beings, stem cells are found in many places in the body, including the skin, liver, bone marrow, and muscles. In the organs, stem cells remain inactive until they are needed. The stem cells supply each organ with cells needed to replace damaged or dead cells. Bone marrow stem cells divide to produce more stem cells, additional cells called precursor cells, and all of the different cells that make up the blood and immune system. Precursor cells have the ability to form many different types of cells, but they cannot produce more stem cells. Scientists can isolate bone marrow stem cells to use as donor cells in transplants. Adult stem cells, however, are rare and more difficult to detect and isolate. The discovery and isolation of embryonic stem cells has led to debate over whether it is right to use cells taken from human embryos for research. People have expressed concern about using human embryos and collecting some of their cells. Some people consider embryos already to be human beings. The embryos are destroyed in the process of isolating the stem cells. Once removed from an embryo, stem cells alone cannot form another embryo or develop into a human being. Many people consider it wrong to destroy human embryos, but other people believe that the potential medical benefits of stem cells justify their use. Scientists have found that stem cells can grow into 210 types of cells in the human body. Scientists believe that these cells can be used to cure many diseases that they have tried to find a cure for.

Aspects of Probation Essay -- essays research papers fc

There are times when almost e rattlingone wonders exactly what the purpose of probation is, what kinds of conditions can be imposed if someone is empower on probation, and what roles the probation officer and the court systems play in the scheme of things. If you know someone that is on probation it may not hurt to know a bitty bit about the way it works and that is exactly what we will be talking about here.Probation is one of the least restrictive penalties among the alternatives confronting a sentencing judge. Probation is the conditional spill of an individual by the court after he has been found guilty of the crime charged. In the case of probation then, the individual has not been sentenced to prison house, although he may, in fact, build been incarcerated in jail following his arrest and awaiting trial. Probation is in fact a charge and not a dismissal of charges, as many people believe. numerous people believe that putting a soul on probation is just a slap on the wri st and that it will not stop the person from committing further crimes but the term of probation is supervision and if it is broken punishment will follow for the probationer. Probation is a basic tool of rehabilitation for first time offenders and very few if any person who has more than one offense will receive probation. These offenders are more likely to receive jail or prison time for their offenses. Even first time offenders revert to crime during probation, which in turn embarrasses the court that gave that person probation rather than a jail or prison sentence. One helpful aspect of probation is the indication of a certain trust and confidence placed in the offender by the judicial order or probation officer. Another helpful aspect of probation is that there is actual supervision and guidance by a probation officer. Probation is an extension of powers of the court over the future behavior and set of the convicted person by showing them ways to keep themselves out of trouble later and hope that they will learn their lesson the first time. It helps to avoid the shattering set upon the individuals personality which so frequently follows imprisonment. Probation manages to keep the person in his old moorings it makes no sudden and violent wrench in his periodical habits it does not destroy his family relations, his contact... ...the probationer has not broken his probation.After researching probation to a fairly good extent in my opinion, I believe that it really is an diffuse way out of being in trouble. This is especially true if the convicted persons offense was not something that was done intentionally. I feel that probation is also a better way to handle people who are mentally unstable or people that have a drug or alcohol paradox rather than just throwing them into the frying pan for a mistake. BibliographyWeston, Paul B. 1977. Administration of Justice. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall. xiv. 337 pagesPursley, Robert D. 1977. Introduc tion to roughshod Justice. Encino, California Glencoe Press. vi. 553 pagesRubin, Sol. 1963. The Law of Criminal Correction. St. Paul, Minnesota West Publishing Company. xxv. 728 pagesUnited States, Wickersham Commission. 1968. No. 9 Report on Penal Institutions, Probation, and Parole. Montclair, New Jersey Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation.United States Sentencing Commission. 1990. indemnity Statements for Violations of Probation and Supervised Release. Washington, D.C. The Commission. i. 40 pages

Thomas Jefferson Essays -- essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 on his familys plantation in Shadwell, Virginia. The third of six children his parents raised him modestly and his sustain schooled him to be a gentleman. The young Jefferson suffered an emotional shock, when at the age of 14 his father Peter Jefferson died. The young Jefferson was the first male of the family and so he acquire the bulk of his fathers assets, leaving him with a sizable fortune. He received his early education along with his sisters and cousins near the family farm, and later was sent forward to be tutored by a professional teacher in foreign languages and more advanced sciences and math. Beginning in 1760 Jefferson began attending the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. season there he began studying such enlightenment thinkers as Sir Francis Bacon, Sir Isaac Newton, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke. His admiration for these men became even greater as he began to wreak his way in life. Once he finished his college education Jefferson decided he wanted to pursue a career in law. To achieve this he began studying for the bar exam under a practicing lawyer George Wythe. After completeing his studies he began establishing a law practice out of his home in Shadwell. because in 1768 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses where from the very start he made his presence known. If first proposal to the body was to establish procedures for the emancipation of slaves, an root quickly shot down. He remained a member of the house until its dissolution in 1774 by the colonys British Governor Dunmore.The same division plans were made to hold a continental congress of all the colonies. In preperation for this meeting Jefferson wrote an essay called A Summary of the Rights of British Americans, in which he diffused his thoughts on the rights of men. Due to illness he was unable to attend this meeting, but its widespread publishing lead to his nomination to the certify Contin ental congress.During the 1776 meeting of the second Continental Congress Jefferson wrote one of the most famous documents in American history, the Declaration of Independence. This document would become the basis for the writing of the Articles of Conferderation and eventually the United States Constitution. some other document written by Jefferson that would become an integral part of the federal Constitution would be ... ...umed the office of vice- president. Jeffersons first act as president was to tell Secretary of State James Madison to withhold the midnight appointment of William Marbury to the office of Justice of the Peace of the District of Columbia. Marbury sued for the appointment President Adams had given him and headsman Justice John Marshall ruled in his favor. The case Marbury vs. Madison set the precedent of the courts right to judicial review of the other branches of government.Jefferson went against his belief in strict Constitutional interpretation several tim es during office as president, the first time was when he authorized the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. though the power to purchase the land was not given to him as president in the Constitution he went ahead with it because he felt that it was in the top hat interest of the nation. He went against his beliefs two other times when he went along with the 1804 impeachments of Federal district judge John Pickering and Supreme court judge Samuel Chase. The formation states that treason, bribery, or other high crimes or misdemeanors must be committed to warrant this, but both men were impeached by the Senate due to erratic behavior.

Congenital Cataracts in Children :: Blindness Vision Sight Essays

Congenital Cataracts in Children Cataracts are the primary cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are the clouding of the genus Lens. The lens is transparent and is important for the focusing of a sharp im develop on the retina. There are several different types of cataracts. Congenital cataracts are symbolise at birth, and will be the focus of this paper. An eye disease causes secondary cataracts. Traumatic cataracts are caused by an injury. Finally, senile cataracts are caused by old age and are the near common form of cataracts. Cataracts can be unilateral, meaning in champion eye or bilateral, in both eyes. Congenital cataracts whitethorn be partial affecting part of the lens, or complete affecting the whole lens. If they are partial and not dense enough to interfere with well-off transmission, congenital cataracts are quite common and often visually insignificant (Vaughan, 1989). Dense central congenital cataracts require surgery. They cause a significant departure visu ally and must be detected early. A parent usually can not detect these cataracts. The doctor usually detects the cataracts in the newborn glasshouse immediately after birth. Unilateral infantile cataracts that are central, dense, and larger than 2mm in diameter will cause permanent damage if not treated in spite of appearance the first 2 months of life (Vaughan, 1989). On the other hand, symmetric bilateral cataracts demand less urgent treatment (Vaughan, 1989).The main treatment is surgery, followed by lens replacement / correction, and usually completed with occlusion therapy. The surgery is called phacoemulsification. In this procedure, ultrasound vibrations of up to 40,000 cycles per second are made by a hollow tube-like instrument. It is inserted and the vibrations error up the lens into little pieces. The pieces are then sucked out through the tube (Golstein, 1999). The lens replacement/correction may be done one of twain ways. An intraocular lens is a plastic lens inserte d where the real lens used to be. Aphakic contact lens correction is using contact lens to improve the images to the retina. I found that an intraocular lens might be a better choice compared to glasses or contact lens because the latter two tend to enlarge the image. The brain can not combine the two images if one of them is enlarged and the other is of normal size (Goldstein, 1999). Finally, I found that most treatments end with occlusion therapy. This therapy is like using a patch to cover the bad eye(s). Usually, 6 to 8 hours per day were prescribed.

Congenital Cataracts in Children :: Blindness Vision Sight Essays

Congenital Cataracts in Children Cataracts are the primary cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are the clouding of the lens. The lens is trans get up and is important for the focusing of a dandy image on the retina. There are several different types of cataracts. Congenital cataracts are present at birth, and will be the focus of this paper. An eye unhealthiness causes secondary cataracts. Traumatic cataracts are caused by an injury. Finally, senile cataracts are caused by old age and are the most common form of cataracts. Cataracts can be unilateral, meaning in one eye or bilateral, in both eyes. Congenital cataracts may be partial affecting part of the lens, or clear affecting the whole lens. If they are partial and not dense enough to interfere with light transmission, congenital cataracts are quite common and often visually insignificant (Vaughan, 1989). Dense central congenital cataracts require surgery. They cause a significant loss visually and must be detected early. A parent usually can not detect these cataracts. The doctor usually detects the cataracts in the newborn nursery immediately after birth. Unilateral infantile cataracts that are central, dense, and larger than 2mm in diameter will cause permanent damage if not treated within the first 2 months of life (Vaughan, 1989). On the other hand, stellate bilateral cataracts demand less urgent treatment (Vaughan, 1989).The main treatment is surgery, followed by lens replacement / correction, and usually completed with occlusion therapy. The surgery is called phacoemulsification. In this procedure, ultrasound vibrations of up to 40,000 cycles per second are made by a hollow tube-like instrument. It is inserted and the vibrations break up the lens into little pieces. The pieces are then sucked verboten through the tube (Golstein, 1999). The lens replacement/correction may be done one of two ways. An intraocular lens is a plastic lens inserted where the square lens used to be. Aphakic contact lens correction is using contact lens to improve the images to the retina. I found that an intraocular lens might be a better choice compared to glasses or contact lens because the latter two tend to enlarge the image. The brain can not immix the two images if one of them is enlarged and the other is of normal size (Goldstein, 1999). Finally, I found that most treatments end with occlusion therapy. This therapy is like using a plot to cover the bad eye(s). Usually, 6 to 8 hours per day were prescribed.

Harvey Wasserman’s ‘Robber Baron’: Criticizing Essay

Robber Barons Harvey Wassermans Robber Baron is a harsh critic of not that legendary titans in the American business history, but also of the politics and politicians of the Gilded Age. In his monograph, the images of robber barons, corrupt politicians and laissez-faire government is conjured in the season wherein many important sectors of the American economy were dominated by a handful of firms as cut-throat business competition were compounded by frequent scotch contractions that gripped the nation.Wasserman accused the captains of in splashry of financial trickery and of political corruption with the bribing of legislatures, and attacking them for the inhumane treatment of labor which included the imposition of heavy hours, unhealthy working(a) conditions and using cheap immigrant labor to undercut wage rates. But above all, Wasserman condemned them as merciless monopolists who engaged in ruthless competition by strangling off rivals using railroad line rebates, controlling raw materials and money supply, and the forced purchase of competing firms.According to Wasserman, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Vanderbilt all had something in common they were all Robber Barons who control the railroad, petroleum, banking, and steel industries, profiting massively and gaining personally, but not doing a whole lot for the common wealth. Many of the schemes and techniques that are used today to rob people of what is unfeignedly theirs, such as pensions, stocks, and even their jobs, were invented and used often by these four men.Wassermans narrative relentlessly pursue troubling and crippling side effects of the Gilded Age high levels of political corruption, the arrogance of global frugal power, the twisting of the U. S. tax code, and the voter belief in the captivity of government to privy interests. But is it fair to consummate in totality, as per Wasserman, these early industrialists as robber barons and the business practices of the Gilded Age as com pletely corrupt and diminished?The stereotype is indeed irresistible, especially so that it resonates in our time with the Enron, WorldCom and other merged debacles. But nonetheless, Wassermans critique of capitalism is one-sided and obscures other dimensions of corporate activity and opportunity during the era. Take for instance, the doubling of the number of farms and the amount of land in cultivation during the period, the increased size of the workforce, especially in the manufacturing sector, the increased railroad track mileage and the swelling of steel production all pointed to a surging Gross National Product (GNP).With increased life expectancy, economic entropy proved that industrialization indeed did raise the standard of living for the majority of Americans during that era. The railroads that became the point of contention between business moguls, was the definite symbol of industrialization as it lowered the cost of shipping freight, which in turn permitted the redu ction in the prices consumers paid for food and durable items, thus creating the evolution of national markets that stimulated newly levels of competition, opportunity and further growth.Although it still remains an endless debate as to the exact preposition that beholds the likes of Carnegies, Rockefeller, Morgan and Vanderbilt, it is beyond doubt that corporations, a number of which were owned by these men, were the engines of economic growth. In the 40 years following Appomattox, the United States amazed European investors and bankers with the speed at which she changed from a backward agricultural republic to the most goodish industrial force in the world.During the years of the so-called robber barons, America outpaced other nations by large margins when it came to growth in per-capita income, industrial production and arise values generally. Moreover, the Gilded Age also saw economic participation at all levels of society, including numerous previously disenfranchised const ituencies. Thus, it is worth noting, Wassermans narrative, along with that of Charles Beard and Matthew Josephson (the original creator of the robber barons dichotomy), needs a further reassessment.From Wassermans narrative, it is easy to reach the conclusion that the post Civil War plan providing subsidies to western railroads was a disaster, a way of transferring millions of the peoples wealth to a few politically well-connected plutocrats. Seemingly, it would have been attempted. But when all the dust settled, the United States did have a transcontinental railroad. Without the offer of mammoth government subsidies, such railroad construction would not have happened for decades.

Root

40 foreign Journal of Management Vol. 30 no. 1 March 2013 The Impact of brim Board Composition, exceed Management rectitude Interest and scrutinise Committee Effectiveness on exonerate Management Transp bency Udoayang Joseph Offiong University of Calabar, Nigeria Uket Eko Ewa Cross River University of Technology, Nigeria The aim of this drive home was to admonishmine the impact of strand batting order part, put across caution fair-mindedness interest and audit fall intee potency on summit counselling hydrofoil on the feat of Banks in Nigeria.selective information were collect from thirteen Nigerian money boxs using a Four Point Scale Likert questionnaire and analyses using percentages and dimensions. Multiple regressions were used in testing the hypotheses. The study revealed that clear wariness integrity interest influences the train of correct financial revelations and transparency that Audit Committees are not effective and in lookent of watchfulnes s and members appointments are not base on integrity, competency and expertise of individuals.The study concluded that forensic accountancy practice if incorporated in the banking operations go out improve lapse direction transparency and good corporate giving medication in the Nigerian banking firmament which ultimately will improve the performances of Nigerian Banks. Based on the findings, we recommend independency of banks audit committees as well as integrity, competence and expertise as pre-requisite for appointment as Audit Committee membership. IntroductionBusiness failures have an scotch implication which is disastrous to the economy of any nation. In fact big investment spoofs and trading scams have resulted in the loss of billions of dollars from gullible people. Nigeria is not an exception. there are various advanced fee baloneys in Nigeria and former(a) investment frauds that have bedeviled the Nigerian economy and the world. Bernard Ma doff, a former chairman of Nasdaq deputise was arrested for running a $50 billion Ponzi scheme.It is anyeged that his operation is the largest ponzi scheme in history. (Nikhil, 2009). In Nigeria, we have experienced many failed banks and finance houses in the modern 1980s and 1990s. Many of the banks chief Executives absconded abroad while some were tried due to their involvements in employee related frauds and money laundering scams. Nigeria has witnessed corruption in all facets of her polity and economy which includes the banking sector.Ajayi, (2005) as cited in Adegbaju and Olokoyo, (2008) maintained that banking sector reforms in Nigeria are driven by the need to deepen the financial sector and reposition the Nigerian economy for harvesting to become integrated into the worldwide financial structural design and evolve a banking sector that is consistent with regional integration requirements and international best practices. It also aimed at worldwide Journal of ManagementVol. 30 no. 1 March 2013 41 addressing issues such as governance, endangerment circumspection and operational inefficiencies which forensic news report practices is geared towards achieving. After the appointment of Sanusi Lamido as Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigerian banking sector experienced turbulent crises as a result of the reforms introduced by him. Most banks that hitherto were adjudged liquid were declared insolvent.The steering boards of many quoted banks were dissolved by the Central Bank of Nigeria and some drop dead management staff were reported to the Economic and Financial Crime counsel for prosecution for fraud and mismanagement of funds and so constituting economic crimes. The Banks overall seek management was problematic. Against this background, the question is geared towards ascertaining the impact of bank board composition, top management impartiality interest and audit committee say-so on top management transparency.Theoretical Framework Fraud or inte ntional deception is a strategy to achieve a personal or organizational goal or satisfy a human need. A threat to survival or satisfy a need whitethorn cause one to choose each dishonest or honest means. The fraud triangle theory propounded by Donald Cressey states that every fraud has three things in common (1) Pressure sometimes referred to as motivation and usually a un-shareable need (2) Rationalization of personal ethics and (3) Knowledge and opportunity to commit the crime.Pressure according to Singleton et al (2006) in their work on the fraud triangle theory declared that pressure or incentive or motivation refers to something that has happened in the fraudsters personal life that creates a nerve-wracking need for funds and thus motivates him to steal. This motivation centers on some financial strain but it could be the symptoms of other types of pressures. Other types of pressures or motivations include genial and political survival (egocentric and ideological motives) an d psychotic.Kenyon and Tilton (2006), Management or other employees may find themselves offered incentives or placed under pressure to commit fraud. They sighted as an example that when remuneration or advancement is signifi rousetly affected by individual, divisional or company performance, individuals may have an incentive to manipulate results or to put pressure on others to do so. Likewise, pressure may come from the unrealistic expectations from investors, banks or other sources of finance.They therefore verbalise that incentives or pressures may weigh a variety of forms within an organization. These include bonuses or incentive pay representing a large portion of an employee or groups compensation, triggers built into debt covenants tied to share price targets and levels, significant stock option awards throughout the organization but particularly to top management, and aggressive earnings-per-share and revenue targets set by top management and communicated to analysts, inv estment bankers, and other market participants, ith resultant pressure from these groups. Rationalization and attitude according to Kenyon and Tilton, (2006) in their write up on Potential rosy Flags and Fraud Detection Techniques say that some individuals are to a greater extent prone than others to commit fraud. That all things being equal, the propensity to commit fraud depend on people ethical fosters as well as on their personal circumstances. 42 International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 They asserted that ethical behavior is motivated both by a persons character and by external factors.External factors include pedigree insecurity such as during a downsizing or redundancy or a work environment that inspires resentment such as being passed over for promotion. Also external environment includes the tone at the top the attitude of management toward fraud risk and managements response to demonstrable instances of fraud. They posited that when fraud has oc curred in the past and management has not responded appropriately, others may conclude that the issue is not taken seriously and they can get away with it.Instances may exist that create opportunities for management or other staff to commit fraud. When such opportunities arise, according to Kenyon and Tilton, (2006), those who might not otherwise be inclined to carry on dishonestly may be tempted to do so. They stated that absent or ineffective realizes, lack of supervision or inadequate segregation of duties may append such opportunities. Also according to Cresseys research (i. e. , the Fraud Triangle), fraudsters always had the knowledge and opportunity to commit the fraud.Tommie and Singleton et al stated that the Report To The Nation (RTTN) (2004) research carried out by Association of Certified Fraud Examiners showed that most employees and managers who commits fraud tend to have a long tenure with a company. A easy explanation deduced by the scholars is that employees and managers who have been around for years know quite well where the weaknesses are in the internal controls and have gained sufficient knowledge of how to commit the crime successfully.Skalak, Alas, Sellitto (2006) in their contribution Fraud An introduction in the book A Guide to Forensic Accounting and Investigation stated that, the increased sizing and impact of financial reporting scandals and the related loss of billion of dollars of shareholder value have rightly focused both public and regulatory assistance on all aspects of financial reporting fraud and corporate governance.They postulated that some of the issues upsetting investors and regulators for example, executive pay that could be considered by some to be profuse are in the nature of questionable judgments, but do not necessarily constitute fraud. On the other hand, there have been more than a few examples of willful deception directed toward the drop community via fabricated financial statements, and many of these actions are gradually being identified and punished.They stated that the investing public may not always make a fine distinction between the outrageous and the fraudulent between bad judgment and wrongdoing. However, they stated that professionals charged with the deterrence, discovery, investigation and remediation of these situations, a systematic and rigorous approach is essential. They therefore formulated what they called Fraud Deterrence Cycle which they opined without an effective regimen of it, fraud is much likely to occur.They acknowledged that even with fraud deterrence regimen effectively in place, there remains a chance that fraud will occur. Thus absolute fraud prevention is a laudable but unobtainable goal. Fraud deterrence elements include establishment of corporate governance, implementation of transaction-level control processes often referred to as the system of internal accounting controls, retrospective examination of governance and control processes through au dit examinations and International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 43 investigation and remediation of suspected or alleged problems. corporeal governance is an entire culture that sets and monitors behavioral expectations intended to deter the fraudster. In order to execute effective governance, boards and management must effectively oversee a subdue of key business processes including strategy and operation planning, risk management, ethics and compliance, performance measurement and monitoring, mergers, acquisitions, and other transformational t ransactions, management evaluation, compensation, and succession planning, communication and reporting, governance dynamics.Transaction-level controls or system of internal accounting Controls They are accounting and financial controls designed to help ensure that only valid, authorized, and legitimate transactions occur and to safeguard corporate assets from loss due to theft or other fraudulent activity.These procedures the authors stated are preventive because they may restlessly block or prevent a fraudulent transaction from occurring. Retrospective Examination accord to Skalak, Alas, Sellitto (2006), the first two elements of the Fraud Deterrence Cycle are the first line of defense against fraud and are designed to deter fraud from occurring in the first place.Oyejide, and Soyibo, (2001) in their paper Corporate system in Nigeria cited (Rwegasira, 2000) stated that Corporate governance, as a concept, can be viewed from at least two sides a narrow one in which it is viewed merely as being concerned with the structures within which a corporate entity or enterprise receives its basic druthers and direction and a broad perspective in which it is regarded as being the heart of both a market economy and a democratic ships company (Sullivan, 2000).The narrow view perceives corporate governance in terms of issues relating to shareholder protection, management control and the popular principal-age ncy problems of economic theory. In contrast, Sullivan (2000), a proponent of the broader perspective uses the examples of the resultant problems of the privatization crusade that has been sweeping through developing countries since the 1980s, and the transition economies of the former communist countries in the 1990s, that issues of institutional, legal and capacity building as well as the rule of law, are at the very heart of corporate governance.Hamid, (2009) in his article The impact of the Composition of Audit Committee on organizational and physical controls of Banks in Nigeria stated that there is no generally accepted definition of corporate governance which enjoys a consensus of opinion in all settings and countries of the world. That the concept is delimitate and understood differently in different parts of the world depending on the relative powers of the owners, managers and providers of gravid.Klapper and Love (2002) as cited by Hamid, suggested four components of an effective Corporate Governance Board Composition, Board Size, Power Separation and Audit Committee composition. In its preface on the law of Corporate Governance in Nigeria document, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in collaboration with the Corporate Affairs Commission stated as follows Long before the highly publicized corporate scandals and failures worldwide, the global community has shown increase concern on the issues of corporate 44International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 governance. The reason for this trend is not far to seek. There is growth consensus that corporate governance, which has been defined as the way and manner in which the affairs of companies are conducted by those charged with the responsibility, has a positive link to national growth and development. The Commission and stated that the importance of effective corporate governance to corporate and economic performance cannot be over-emphasised in todays global market place. Sir Adrian Cadbury Committee set up in May 1991 in its report Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance on 1 December 1992 in an effort to stem the financial scandals and generally improve corporate governance of United Kingdom companies gave rise to accompanying Code of Best Practice which was adopted by the London expect Exchange on 30 June 1993 and proposed a system of self regulation by listed companies.Ramaswamy, (2005) further stated that the failure of the corporate communication structure has made the financial community realize that there is a great need for skilled professionals that can identify, expose and prevent weaknesses in three key areas Poor corporate governance, flawed internal controls and fraudulent financial statements.The author further said the late corporate scandals came as a shock not just because of the enormity of failures like the Enron, Adelphia communications, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers, Stamford Group and AIG in the U S, Cadbury in Nigeria and Parmalat in Italy, but because of the discovery that questionable accounting practice was far more insidious and widespread than previously envisioned. A definite link between these accounting failures and curt corporate governance is thus beginning to emerge.According to Ramaswamy (2005), presently an increasing number of researchers are finding that poor corporate governance is a leading factor in poor performance, manipulated financial reports and unhappy stakeholder. In their research on corporate governance and bank performance in the US, Spong, and Sullivan, (2007) stated that individuals with much of their wealth concentrated in a bank are likely to have a strong incentive to put forth greater effort and also to be more careful in the risks they choose to take than managers with significant motivations and financial incentives.They asserted that the separation between management and ownership in financial theory is referred to as principal-agent pro blem which may lead hired managers to maximize their own utility rather than that of the firm. Glassman and Rhoades (1980) compared financial institutions controlled by their owners with those controlled by managers and found that the owner-controlled institutions had higher earnings. Allen and Cebenoyan (1991) found that banking retentivity companies were more likely to make acquisitions that added to firm value when they had high inside stock ownership and more concentrated ownership.Cole and Mehran (1996) discovered higher stock returns at thrifts that had either had a large inside shareholder or a large outside shareholder. In Nigeria in the contrary, Orogun, (2009) citing Adedeji stated that bank failures in Nigeria are attributed to inadequate capital base, fraudulent, self serving and corrupt practices of the owners and managers, meddlesome interference of board members in the day to day running of the institution and regulatory laxity. On the application of Audit Committees as components of good International Journal of Management Vol. 0 No. 1 March 2013 45 corporate governance in Nigeria, Hamid (2009) citing Wilson (2007) stated that Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) Act of 1988, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Act of 1991, the various prudential guidelines issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the listing requirements of the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules and Securities and Exchange Commission code of corporate governance 2003, the Central Bank of Nigeria code of corporate governance for banks 2006 must be abided by banks.Hamid (2009) in his research published and titled, The impact of the composition of audit committee on organizational and physical controls of banks in Nigeria observed that a number of banks did not adhere to the composition requirement for good corporate governance in the Banks and thus affects the quality of control mechanisms that are instituted to safeguard ope rations in the banking industry. Also the study revealed that unrestricted appointments of executive directors on audit committees decreased the monitoring provided by the committees and its effectiveness in checking management scandal and sustaining the effectiveness of ccounting and internal control systems. The study also revealed that the composition of audit committees have an impact on physical control of banks in Nigeria. This result is consistent with originally findings by Uzun, Szewezyk and Varma (2004) which indicated that a higher degree of independence of the audit committee is associated with a higher control thus lower likelihood of corporate fraud. transparentness and accountability has been a hot debate in the management of businesses and governance all over the world. In fact it is a barometer for measuring business scrap among nation states.According to Oladoyin,, Elumilade, and Ashaolu, (2005), the issue of transparency and accountability in financial institut ions is one that cannot be readily glossed over. That transparency and accountability constitute pivotal features of any in effect(p) public official or professional practitioner. In recent years, there has been great concern on the management of banks assets and liabilities because of large scale financial distress. Adam,(2009). The banking sector has been singled out for the special protection because of the vital role banks play in an economy.Bank supervision entails not only the enforcement of rules and regulations, but also judgments concerning the soundness of bank assets, its capital adequacy and management. Volcker,(1992). In Nigeria, the rising cases of bank distress have also become a major source of concern for policy makers. McNamara, C (2009) stated that performance management is a relatively new concept to the field of management. That performance management reminds us that being busy is not the same as producing results. It reminds us that training, strong commitment and lots of hard work alone are not results.That the major contribution of performance management is its focus on achieving results useful products and operate for customers inside and outside the organization. Despite the recent attention to achieving maximal performance, McNamara (2009) stated that there is no monetary standard interpretation of what 46 International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 that means or what it takes to get it. However having stated what people are suggesting that it takes for organizations to achieve maximum performance he stated that, we should be aware of the various views and be able to choose our own.The efficiency and competitiveness of financial institutions cannot easily be measured, since their products and services are of an intangible nature. Idialu, and Yomere, in their article Stochastic frontier analysis of the efficiency of Nigerian Banks cited Berger, Hunter and Timme (1993) as defining efficiency as the ratio of the mi nimum costs that could have been expended to produce a given output bundle to the actual costs expended. Arshadi and Lawrence (1987) on the other hand, measures bank performance using normal correlativity analysis.Srinivane (2009) capsulate that banks are exposed to credit risk, liquidity risk, interest risk, market risk, operational risk and management/ ownership risk. He stated that it is the credit risk which stands out as the most dreaded one. Considering the Nigerian banking history and customers attitude to credit obligations, this is the most dreaded risk in Nigeria. though often associated with lending, credit risk arises whenever a party enters into an obligation to make payment or deliver value to the bank.Srinivani (2009). The nature and extent of credit risk, therefore, depend on the quality of loan assets and soundness of investments. Based on the income, expenditure, net interest income and capital adequacy one can comment on the gainfulness and the long run sustenan ce of the bank. Research Methodology The study employed the survey research method using the technique of interview to complement the questionnaire presidential term and review of documentary sources.The questionnaire was structured in a four point likert scale model where strongly concord was delegate 4 points, agreed assigned 3 points, disagree assigned 2 points and strongly disagreed assigned 1 point. Scope of Research Area Thirteen publicly quoted commercial banks were selected as the study population from the twenty four commercial banks operating in Nigeria. The selection covers both the first generation Banks, second generation Banks and Banks that emerged from mergers of more than one bank during the recent bank consolidation in Nigeria. Their choices are premeditated on their size and their banking coverage.Model Specification To examine the impact of bank board composition, top management equity interest and audit committee effectiveness on top management transparency in the Nigerian banking sector, hypothesis formulated was developed into models and was subjected to observational test using quintuple regression analysis, percentages comparison and ratio analysis. y = ? 0 + ? 1x 1+ ? 22 + + ? nxk +? ijk Where ? 0 = Regression Constant and ? 1, ? 2, ? 3 ? n are = regression coefficients Where ? 0 and ? 1 are obtained by solving simultaneously the equations International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 47 y = ? 0N+ ? 1? X ?XY = ? ? X + ? ?X2 0 1 Where y = Dependent variable, x = Independent variables Estimation and validation To come across the use-ability of the questionnaire on the Impact of Bank Board Composition, Top Management Equity Interest and Audit Committee Effectiveness on Top Management transparence in the Nigerian banking sector, the questionnaire was built on a four point Likert scale on one hundred and forty eight respondents. To determine the use-ability, item-test correlativity coefficient were computed. All item- test correlation lie in the range r=0. 6 0. 1. They were considered significant and useable.Analysis of Data Table 1 shows that 50(34%) respondents strongly agreed that their top management equity interest in their banks influences their level of financial disclosure. 46(31%) respondents also agreed that their top management equity interest in their banks influences their level of financial disclosure while 52(35%) respondents strongly disagreed that their top management equity interest in the bank influences their level of financial disclosure. Table 1. Top Management transparency, Banks Board composition, Top Management equity interest and Audit Committee effectiveness Research Question Whether top anagement equity interest in the Bank influence her level of financial disclosures. Whether Audit Committees are effective, efficient and breakaway of management. Whether the composition of Bank boards is based on directors individual integrity, knowledge of industry and competence hig h? Whether top management is transparent in her decision making? Opinion of Respondents Strongly (%) Agreed (%) Disagreed (%) Strongly (%) Total Agreed disagreed 50 34% 46 31% 52 35% 0% 148 0 0% 50 34% 98 66% 0% 148 4 3% 48 32% 96 65% 0% 148 0 0% 35 24% 113 76% Source Data from questionnaire analysis based on responses 0% 0% 148 48International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 In a related matter, 35(24%) respondents agreed that their top management is transparent in her decision making process as it affects the bank and their personal interests. 113(76%) respondents however disagreed that their top management is transparent in her decision making process as it affects the bank and their personal interests. 50(34%) respondents agreed that their banks audit committees are effective, efficient and item-by-item of management while 98(66%) respondents disagreed that their banks audit committees are effective, efficient and independent of management.Also, 4(3%) respondents strongly agreed that the composition of their Bank Boards is based on the fact that the individuals integrity, knowledge or expertise of the industry and competence are very high. 48(32%) respondents also agreed that the composition of their Bank Boards is based on the fact that the individuals integrity, knowledge or expertise of the industry and competence are very high. However, 96(65%) respondents disagreed that the composition of their Bank Boards is based on the fact that the individuals integrity, knowledge or expertise of the industry and competence are very high. HypothesisNull (N0) Top management transparency does not depend significantly on Bank board composition, top management equity interest and audit committee effectiveness. Alternate (N1) Top management transparency depends significantly on Bank board composition, top management equity interest and audit committee effectiveness. Let y = represent dependent variable and Let x1-3 = represent independent variables Var iables in the Hypothesis Dependent Variable (y) = Top management transparency Independent variable (x1) = Top management equity interest. Independent variable (x2) = Audit Committee effectiveness Independent variable (x3) Bank board composition To test the hypotheses, multiple regression analysis was used with top management transparency variable as the dependent variable and bank board composition, top management equity interest and audit committee effectiveness as independent variables. The means are not equal, at least among the predictor variables suggesting that they may not have the same predictive ability. The standard deviation though pocket-sized gives us the assurance that there is variation in the variables as we move from bank to bank as reflected in table 2. The inter-variable correlations were computed via the Pearson product moment formulae.These correlation coefficients are given in table 3. From table 3, we observed that the three independent variables correlates s ignificantly International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 49 with the dependent variable (first row and column) since the associated probabilities are all little than the chosen level of significance. The inter correlations among the independent variables are also significant. though this phenomenon is desirable in a multiple regression analysis, it validates our claim that they are all elements of the one variable called good corporate governance in forensic accounting practice.The significance of their correlation with the dependent variable suggests that they may be significant predictors of top management transparency. To test the significance of their predictive ability collectively, the soothsaying model parameters were estimated and tested for significance using the F-ratio test. The results are presented in table 3. From table 4, the estimated F-value (77. 233) is greater than the faultfinding F-value (2. 600) with 3,144 degrees of freedom and at 0. 05 lev els. Also, the probability associated with the observed F-value (0. 000) is less than the chosen level of significance.Consequently the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative. This means that top management transparency depends significantly on top management equity interest, audit committee effectiveness and bank board composition as elements of good corporate governance in forensic accounting practice. The R-squared value of 0. 617 and its adjusted form of 0. 609 together indicate that between 60. 9% and 61. 7% of the total variation in top management transparency is accounted for by top management equity interest, audit committee effectiveness and bank board composition with a standard error of estimate of 0. 67. Table 2. Mean and standard deviation of the four variables Variable Top management transparency Top management equity interest Bank Boards Composition Audit Committee effectiveness Mean 2. 237 2. 987 2. 378 2. 338 Standard deviation 0. 426 0. 833 0. 540 0. 475 Source Data from questionnaire analysis based on responses Table 3. Inter correlation among Top Management transparency, Management equity interest, Board composition and Audit Committee effectiveness. Variable Y X1 X2 X3 Y 1. 000 0. 680* 0. 779* 0. 762* X1 0. 680* 1. 000 0. 872* 0. 829* X2 0. 779* 0. 872* 1. 00 0. 932* *Significant at 0. 05 level, p 0. 05 Y = Top management transparency X1 = Top management equity interest. X2 = Audit Committee effectiveness X3 = Bank board composition Source Data from questionnaire analysis based on responses X3 0. 762* 0. 829* 0. 932* 1. 000 50 International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 The relative contribution of each of the independent variables to the prediction of top management transparency is estimated as regression coefficients and tested for significance using the t-test. Table 5 is summary of the results.From the table, the computed t-value for the regression constant (5. 336) and audit committee effectiveness ( 3. 320) are greater than the critical t-value (1. 976). Their associated probabilities (0. 000 and 0. 001) for the regression constant and audit committee effectiveness respectively are less than the chosen level of significance. This means these are the significant contributors to the prediction of top management transparency. The contribution of the other two variables top management equity interest and bank board composition do not contribute significantly to the prediction of top management transparency.All the same, the obtained prediction model is y= 0. 616 0. 0091 + 0. 4872 + 0. 2153 Where y= x1 = x2 = x3 = Top management transparency Top management equity interest Audit Committee effectiveness Bank Board Composition. Table 4. Model summary and ANOVA for the prediction of top management transparency. R R-Square 0. 785 Source of variation Regression Residual Total 0. 617 Sum of Squares 16. 480 10. 243 26. 723 Adj. R-Square 0. 609 Df. 3 144 147 Std Error 0. 267 Mean Square 5. 493 0. 071 R. Square Change 0. 617 F Sig. 77. 233* 0. 000 * Sig. at 0. 05 level. F(3,144) = 2. 600Source Data from questionnaire analysis based on responses Table 5. Regression constant and coefficients for the prediction of top management transparency. Variable Constant Top Management equity Audit effectiveness Bank Board Composition Un-standardized Coefficients B Std Error 0. 616 0. 115 -0. 009 0. 054 0. 487 0. 147 0. 215 0. 113 Standard Coefficients Beta * Significant at 0. 05 p 0. 05. Source Data from questionnaire analysis based on responses -0. 02 0. 542 0. 272 T Sig. 5. 336* -0. 172 3. 320* 1. 903 0. 000 0. 864 0. 001 0. 059 International Journal of ManagementVol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 51 Findings The study revealed that top management equity interest in the banks influences the level of correct financial disclosures of the banks and their level of transparency. This ran contrary to recent research findings in the United States where it was revealed that individuals with much of their wealth concentrated in a bank are likely to have a strong incentive to put forth greater effort and also to be more careful in the risk they choose to take. Audit Committees are not effective, efficient and independent of management of the banks.Likewise, the appointment of the committee members is not based on integrity, competence and expertise of candidates. Conclusions The Nigerian Banking sector which constitutes over 70% of volume trading in the past four years being the most active sector in the capital market will strive for better if the issue of good corporate governance and ethical conduct by bank directors and management is addressed. The study therefore recommended that the composition of banks audit committees should be based on integrity, competence and knowledge or expertise of individuals and it should be independent of management.Those banks should have as one of their reporting requirements a statement on compliance to good corporate governance. Reference s Ademola, T O and Soyibo A (2001), Corporate governance in Nigeria. Paper presented at conference of Corporate Governance, Accra, Ghana. 20-30 Adegbaju, A. A and Olokoyo, F. O (2008), Recapitalization and banks performance A Case study of Nigerian Banks, African Economic and Business Review, Vol. 6 No. 1 Ajayi, M. (2005), Banking sector reforms and bank Consolidation conceptual framework, Bullion, Vol. 29. No 2 Anthony, M O, Elumilade, D. O. nd Ashaolu, T. O. (2005), Transparency, accountability and ethical violations in the financial institutions in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1)21-28. Allen, L. and Cebenoyan, A. S. (1991), Bank acquisitions and ownership structure theory and evidence, Journal of Banking and Finance, 15 425-48 Berger, W. C, Hunter and Timme, S (1993), Efficiency of financial institutions A review and dawdler of research past, present and future, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 17, 221-249. Central Bank of Nigeria-CBN (2006), Code of corporate gov ernance for banks, From www. enbank. org 52 International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 Cole, R. A. and Mehran, H (1996), The effect of changes in ownership structure on performance evidence from the thrift industry, Board of Governors of the Federal hold System, Finance and Economic Discussion Series 96-6. Crumbley, D. L (2008), What is forensic accounting? Journal of Forensic Accounting, R. T. Edwards, Inc. An International Scholarly Publisher. Crumbley, D L (2003), Forensic accounting The evidentiary nature of accounting data, Journal of Forensic Accounting, R.T. Edwards, Inc. An International Scholarly Publisher. Glassman, C. A and Rhoades S. A. (1980), Owner vs manager control effects on bank performance, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62 263-70. Hamid, K. T (2009), The impact of the composition of audit committee on organizational and physical controls of banks in Nigeria, Nigeria Research Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 1 No 1 Hamid, K. T (2008), An as sessment of the relationship between corporate governance and internal control system in the Nigerian banking industry. PhD.Accounting Thesis submitted to the department of Accounting, BUK, Kano (Unpublished) Idialu, Jeremiah Uwaifo and Yomere, Gabriel O (2010), Stochastic frontier analysis of the efficiency of Nigerian banks Indian Journal of Economics and Business Kenyon, W and Tilton, P. D (2006) Potential red flags and fraud detection techniques, A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation, (First Edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Jersey. Klapper, L. F. and Love, I. (2002), Corporate governance, investor protection and performance in emerging markets, Journal of Corporate Finance, 195. p 1-26 Nikhil, P (2009). The worlds biggest frauds. networking with anti fraud professionals, Indiaforensic Antifraud Forum. Orogun, W. (2009), Bank distress in history, burningpot. com. Ramaswamy, V (2005), Corporate governance and the forensic accountant, The CPA Journal. From http//www. n ysscpa. org/cpajournal/2005/305/essentials/ p68. htm Sheridan, L, Jones, J and Marston C(2006), Corporate governance codes and the supply of corporate information in the UK. Journal compilation 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, UK Singleton T W , Bologna, G. J and Lindquist, R.J and Singleton A J (2006), Fraud auditing and forensic accounting (Third Edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Jersey. Skalak, S. L, Alas, M. A and Sellitto, G (2006), Fraud an introduction, A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation (First Edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Jersey. Spong, K R and Sullivan R. J. (2007). Corporate governance and bank performance, Social Science Research Network. Uzun, H. , Szewezyk, S. H. and Varma, R. (2004), Board composition and corporate fraud, Financial Analysts Journal, 60(3), 33-43 International Journal of Management Vol. 30 No. 1 March 2013 3 Wilson, I. (2007), Regulatory and institutional challenges of corporate governace in Nigeria po st consolidation. Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Economic Indicators, April-June, Vol. 12, No 2. sense of touch email addresses emailprotected com emailprotected com Copyright of International Journal of Management is the property of International Journal of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Deception Point Page 26

Like a hot knife through a rimy stick of butter.Norah motioned to the NASA men on the winches. The generators cant handle this kind of strain, so Im using manpower to lift.Thats crap one of the workers interjected. Shes using manpower because she likes to see us eliminateRelax, Norah fired back. You girls have been bitching for two days that youre cold. I cured that. Now keep pulling.The workers laughed.What are the pylons for? Rachel asked, pointing to several orange highway cones positioned around the tower at what appeared to be random locations. Rachel had seen similar cones dispersed around the dome.Critical glaciology tool, Norah said. We call them SHABAs. Thats short for step here and break ankle. She picked up one of the pylons to reveal a circular bore hole that plunged like a bottomless well into the depths of the glacier. Bad place to step. She replaced the pylon. We drilled holes all over the glacier for a structural perseverance check. As in normal archeology, the nu mber of years an object has been buried is indicated by how deep beneath the surface its found. The farther down one finds it, the long-run its been in that location. So when an object is discovered under the ice, we can date that objects arrival by how much ice has accumulated on top of it. To make original our karyon dating measurements are accurate, we check multiple areas of the ice sheet to confirm that the area is one solid slab and hasnt been disrupted by earthquake, fissuring, avalanche, what have you.So how does this glacier look?Flawless, Norah said. A perfect, solid slab. No fault lines or glacial turnover. This meteorite is what we call a static fall. Its been in the ice untouched and unaffected since it arrive in 1716.Rachel did a double take. You know the exact year it fell?Norah looked surprised by the question. Hell, yes. Thats why they called me in. I read ice. She motioned to a nearby megabucks of cylindrical tubes of ice. Each looked like a translucent telep hone pole and was marked with a b regenerate orange tag. Those ice cores are a rooted(p) geologic record. She led Rachel over to the tubes. If you look closely you can see individual layers in the ice.Rachel crouched down and could indeed see that the tube was made up of what appeared to be strata of ice with subtle differences in luminosity and clarity. The layers varied between paper thin to ab come out a quarter of an inch thick.Each wintertime brings a heavy snowfall to the ice shelf, Norah said, and each spring brings a partial thaw. So we see a new compression layer every(prenominal) season. We simply start at the top-the most recent winter-and count backward.Like counting rings on a tree.Its not quite that simple, Ms. Sexton. Remember, were measuring hundreds of feet of layerings. We drive to read climatological markers to benchmark our work-precipitation records, airborne pollutants, that sort of thing.Tolland and the others joined them now. Tolland smiled at Rachel. She knows a lot about ice, doesnt she?Rachel felt oddly happy to see him. Yeah, shes amazing.And for the record, Tolland nodded, Dr. Mangors 1716 date is right on. NASA came up with the exact identical year of impact well before we even got here. Dr. Mangor drilled her own cores, ran her own tests, and confirmed NASAs work.Rachel was impressed.And coincidentally, Norah said, 1716 is the exact year earliest explorers claimed to have seen a bright fire-ball in the sky over northern Canada. The meteor became known as the Jungersol Fall, after the name of the explorations leader.So, Corky added, the fact that the core dates and the historic record match is virtual proof that were looking at a fragment of the same meteorite that Jungersol recorded seeing in 1716.Dr. Mangor one of the NASA workers called out Leader hasps are starting to showTours over, folks, Norah said. Moment of truth. She grabbed a folding chair, climbed up onto it, and shouted out at the top of her lungs. Surfacing in v minutes, everyoneAll around the dome, like Pavlovian dogs responding to a dinner bell, the scientists dropped what they were doing and hurried toward the extraction zone.Norah Mangor put her hands on her hips and surveyed her domain. Okay, lets raise the Titanic.28Step past Norah hollered, moving through the growing crowd. The workers scattered. Norah took control, making a show of checking the cable tensions and alignments.Heave one of the NASA men yelled. The men tightened their winches, and the cables ascended another six inches out of the hole.As the cables continued to move upward, Rachel felt the crowd inching forward in anticipation. Corky and Tolland were nearby, looking like kids at Christmas. On the far side of the hole, the hulking set of NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom arrived, taking a position to watch the extraction.Hasps one of the NASA men yelled. Leaders are showingThe steel cables rising through the boreholes changed from silver braid to yellow leader ch ains.Six much feet Keep it steadyThe group around the scaffolding fell into a rapt silence, like onlookers at a seance awaiting the appearance of some divine specter-everyone straining for the first glimpse.Then Rachel saw it.Emerging from the thinning layer of ice, the hazy form of the meteorite began to show itself. The rear end was oblong and dark, blurry at first, but getting clearer every moment as it melted its way upward.Tighter a technician yelled. The men tightened the winches, and the scaffolding creaked.Five more feet Keep the tension evenRachel could now see the ice above the stone beginning to bulge upward like a pregnant creature about to give birth. Atop the hump, surrounding the lasers point of entry, a small circle of surface ice began to give way, melting, dissolving into a widening hole. cervix uteri is dilated someone shouted. Nine hundred centimetersA tense laughter broke the silence.Okay, kill the laserSomeone threw a switch, and the beam disappeared.And the n it happened.Like the ferocious arrival of some paleolithic god, the huge rock broke the surface with a hiss of steam. Through the swirling fog, the hulking shape rose out of the ice. The men manning the winches strained harder until finally the entire stone broke free of the frozen restraints and swung, hot and dripping, over an open shaft of simmering water.Rachel felt mesmerized.Dangling there on its cables, dripping wet, the meteorites rugged surface glistened in the fluorescent lights, charred and rippled with the appearance of an enormous petrified prune. The rock was smooth and rounded on one end, this branch apparently blasted away by friction as it streaked through the atmosphere.Looking at the charred fusion crust, Rachel could almost see the meteor rocketing earthward in a furious ball of flames. Incredibly, that was centuries ago. Now, the captured beast hung there on its cables, water dripping from its body.The hunt was over.Not until this moment had the drama of thi s event truly infatuated Rachel. The object hanging before her was from another world, millions of miles away. And trapped within it was evidence-no, proof-that man was not alone in the universe.The euphoria of the moment seemed to grip everyone at the same instant, and the crowd broke into spontaneous hoots and applause. Even the administrator seemed caught up in it. He clapped his men and women on the back, congratulating them. Looking on, Rachel felt a sudden rejoice for NASA. Theyd had some tough luck in the past. Finally things were changing. They deserved this moment.

Foreign market analysis

The purpose of this report is to design and examine a marketing political program for Bursars in say to internationalist their business operations by penetrating the Egyptian market. As with the expansion of any business, Bursars would face many challenges In exporting natural shooter to Egyptian ho roleholds which Is their primary target market. In order to ensure a smooth entrance to the business environment of Egypt, Bursars would have to adopt a regularise product strategy because of the universal nature and application of natural spoil.Secondly standardization would also benefit the company because the resulting economies of scale would reduce costs and the savings stick out be reinvested Into the companys promotional strategies. Another way for Bursars to reduce their costs Is by using the existing distribution network of natural gas established in Egypt. The company positions Itself In such a way to take advantage of the increased demand for natural gas because of rising consumption in Egyptian kinspersons.The pricing strategy that best suits Bursars is differentiated pricing, which would effectively hedge risks associated with global shocks to the gas arrest and various other political tensions. Given the marketing plan suited for Bursars, the three year sales and expenses suggest that venturing into Egypt would be profitable for Bursars as well as for Egypt in terms of meeting their energy requirements. 2. 0 Description of Target market 2. Political environment Foreign companies have enjoyed the benefits in terms of incentives that the government provides such as the rights to own lands, equipment and capital in Egypt for business operations and the right to export from Egypt without licensing (Hosannas, 2010). The volatile political environment in Egypt may be a barrier to entry for Bursars but fleshy marketing strategies may be able to overcome these Issues. 2. 2 Economic Environment Egypt has a GAP of $262. Billion and GAP per capita of $670 0 the size of GAP per capita suggests that the use of alternative fuel for domestic purposes may be favored In such an economic environment. Egypt has foreign exchange reserves of $1. 7 billion (World Bank, 2014) as of 2014 and stable exchange rates means that any remittances and earnings sent back to Turkey would not be susceptible to many allocations. 2. 3 cultural Environment conducting business operations. This shared culture and value may actually help Bursars to settle within the business environment of Egypt.The use of natural gas as an alternate fuel which is CEO- friendly may actually be favored in a collectivist society such as Egypt. This would supporter Bursars for promotional purposes swell. 3. 0 Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning 3. 1 Segmentation The gas sector in Egypt can be segmented into geographic, demographic, cryptographic and behavioral segmentation 3. 1. 1 Geographic Segmentation To reach customers on a broader level, Bursars has to locate its stations on places where it will be available too large amount of trade and a large number of residential households.Most people live in the capital, Cairo, the 16th biggest city in the world, where the population 9120000 people (Cairo Population 2013). 3. 1. 2 demographic Segmentation The prices will be the same for all those who use them (households) although price discrimination exists within Egypt which will be elaborated later in the report. For residential purposes like cooking and heating people from all social classes will be sing the product, whereas for usage by vehicles, people in the lower and sum class families will be using the product.The upper class can easily afford to use petrol in their vehicles. Since the country has almost fertilize out of its own supplies of natural gas, the country has no other option but to import. 3. 1. 3 Cryptographic Segmentation The advantages of using natural gas for household are that it is environmentally friendly and sound than that of oth er energy resources. Therefore the reviews should be good by the environmental protection agencies (Peas) which would aid in the promotional strategies as well.

All I really need to know I Learned in Kindergarten Essay

I can remember my mother telling me for a few weeks before the premier day how marvelous check was qualifying to be and how I would meet loads of new friends. She also told me that the other kids are passing play to be scared just analogous I was. Turning five years old, and knowing that it was time for me to begin school already, was really very scary. The thought of waking up early and going to school and not being with my mom all morning made me feel sick to my stomach, but I just had to suck it up and go.The source day of kindergarten I was sad but also excited at the same time because I was going to meet new friends and I was going to get to play with them during recess. I remember walking into school with my new back pack they were the ones that had to two little wheels on it so you wouldnt submit to carry it. As I was getting dropped off and hearing my mom telling me bye I started to cry. Being really close to my mom I didnt want her to leave me there all alone. So we walked in together and she told me that I was going to be all right. My mom and my new teacher, Mrs. Fossum were having a hard time getting me to stay there.After they saw that I wouldnt stay, my mom had to stay there with me thru out that whole day. As the first day went on I was making a bunch of friends with my new classmates. When the second day came I wanted my mom to stay at school but I realized that she had to go to work. After she had left I saw a table that had some crayons and some paper on it, so I ventured over to it and stood by the seat watching to see if anyone was going to stop me from drawing. No one came so I took a seat, a plot of ground of paper, and of course a blue coloring pencil just like the one I had at home and started to draw.When the other children saw that I was already hard at work with my drawing, which somewhat looked like a cow, they came and sat down with me. Even the child that didnt want to leave his father notice me and came over and started to draw. The little boy started to ask me questions and once he started then everyone started to include me into their group. I learned at a young age that I was not very comfortable meeting new people and doing thing on my own. My mother realized that Mitchell School system was too big of a school for my type of personality and that I do better when I dont have to adapt to much change.

Arts Education Essay

The purpose of this bibliography is to attain info from credible sources on arts programs in schools. The goal is to provide enough information so that the reader is then able to form their own opinions on the benefits, problems, and policies on arts programs at varying levels of command. Those miening to find detailed information leave alone find this bibliography to be a good starting point. Parsad, B. , and Spiegelman, M. 2012. humanistic discipline reading in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools 19992000 and 200910 (NCES 2012014). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U. S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Web. 24 Jan. 2013 This source is a presentation of unbiased information about both the boilersuit arts education programs and special(prenominal) sections including visual arts, music, dance, and theater/drama. The base utilizes a plethora of charts, graphs, and other visual keystone up to help organize and present the i nformation.Parsad and Spiegelman first present their findings on overall arts education programs including the percentages of schools offering visual arts, music, dance and theater classes. They then dedicate ten to fifteen pages discussing the particulars of each section of the arts listed above. There is so much information in this oblige that it would be great for someone looking for a broad spectrum understanding of arts education programs. The visual aids complement the information presented and would be lite to incorporate into a variety of works.For someone who is looking to get very specific information about a specific program then this would be a good source to start with, the way the story is divided makes it very easy to find information on a specific sections of an arts program, i. e. music or drama. It would provide the reader with enough information that they could ask their own questions and be able to look further into a specific topic. Catterall, Dumais, and Ham pden-Thompson. March 2012. The arts and achievement in at-risk youth findings from four longitudinal studies. National Endowment for the arts. Research Report 55). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This research report is a presentation of years of studies conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts and similar organizations, most beingness government funded. The authors arrange the report in such a way that the bulk of the report is given through the use of visual graphs and charts, which ar accompanied by conclusive statements ilk Teenagers and young adults of low socioeconomic status (SES) who do a history of in-depth arts involvement show better academic outcomes than do low-SES youth who have less arts involvement.They earn better grades and demonstrate higher rates of college enrollment and attainment. (12) Most of the graphs simply relate percentages of students with low and high levels of art troth to achieve certain things like high school graduation, entering a bachelors pro gram, and attaining a steady professional level career. For every study and graph presented or reviewed there is clearly cited sources, if any confusion remains the appendix and cited pages are very clear about how to find more information. universe that this is a report of findings from a estateal organization it is not biased to or for support of arts programs.For anyone looking for specific statistics to use in a presentation or report of their own, this research report could be very helpful. As previously stated the bulk of the information is presented through graphs and charts that utilize percentages, and is therefore very easy to take and use in a presentation without having to do much work yourself. For someone looking for a more scholarly breakdown of the benefits of arts education on high-risk students this report will not be as helpful, as it would be time consuming to trace the information presented back to the original sources. Dwyer, M.Christine. 2011. Reinvesting in Arts Education Winning Americas Future through Creative Schools. Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. Web. 24 Jan. 2013.The reports emphasizes the essential role that arts education programs play in improving student engagement and building creativity. Dwyer discusses, in a lengthy and airy overview, the current Arts Education programs and policies shortcomings. It is widely agreed that the U. S. public education system is not adequately serving a significant portion of our nations children and that public K-12 schools must change dramatically o achieve the Administrations goal that the United States become a global draw in postsecondary attainment by 2020 School leaders and teachers will withdraw to step up to the challenge of finding new ways to engage umteen more students in meaningful learning (27) More importantly, this report discusses possible solutions such as reinvesting in arts education, and argues for creating arts-rich schools that can engage stud ents in ways that complement the study of the arts and other traditional subjects such as literature, history, science, and mathematics.Another key takeaway from this report is it shows readers the link between arts education and achievement in other subjects. Being that this source is a report by the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, it attempts to present curtilage to support the positions of the president and his corresponding political party. As political and wordy as this report is it would most likely benefit someone looking into the governance side of arts education, it would not be as helpful for someone looking for developmental and long term benefits of art involvement in schools.Rabkin, Hedberg. 2011. Arts Education in America What the Declines Mean for Arts Participation. Based on the 2008 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts. National Endowment for the Arts. (Research Report 52). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This report presents its findings after resea rching important question related to arts education in America. Questions like Has employment in arts programs declined? What does it mean for teachers and students? How has this affected participation in other extracurricular activities?How does this affect support for programs? The clause presents the questions to the reader and then follows up with information that supports both positive and negative claims about the answer. Charts are used when needed to simplify information into an easily digestible visual aid. There are numerous sources used as evidence for the information presented, as well as suggestions for further investigation into the questions presented. This report has a very neutral stance towards the information presented.There is good information presented for varying arguments and the ultimate decision is left to the reader. This source would be a fair report to use in a work, especially if in an argumentative essay you need information for the view that opposes y ours. However for someone looking for highly specific information this report will only be useful for an introduction into the questions being asked about the national education programs. Oxtoby, David W. 2012. The Place of Arts in Liberal Education. Liberal Education, v98 n2 p36-41 Spr 2012.Oxtoby uses a great deal of logic to explain his opinion on the place of arts in liberal education and he uses statistics to support his views. In his article, he states that diversity in the curriculum is a keystone to achievement in any liberal education program. He also claims that part of that diversity needs to include a program where students can express their creativity. Being able to express their creativity and the stimulation provided by arts programs lead to more successful students, both in academics, community involvement, and professional work environments.This article is a good source of simple and sound logic in support of arts programs being included in all liberal education. O xtobys statements and presentation of the information is biased towards supports arts programs, but he always includes evidence to support his ideas. Also, while he does not approve of excluding arts in liberal education there is never any negativity in his statements, only more supporting evidence for his ideas. Some readers will find this article to be dry and uninteresting unless they already have some knowledge and opinions on the place of arts in education programs.

Federal Bureau of Prisons Essay

The federal official sureness of Prisons was established in 1930. Its main goal is to submit humane c ar for Federal inmates. There argon 11 Federal prisons in operation. The Bureau consists of one hundred fifteen institutions, 6 regional offices, a Central Office (headquarters), 2 staff training centers, and 22 fellowship corrections offices. The Bureau of Prisons biography opportunities web page is the place where you mess learn about BOP make doers, the employment process and current vacancies.The BOP career opportunities web page has quick links to application steps, attorney recruitment, career FAQs, health care careers, job descriptions and job vacancies. The Bureau has nigh 37,700 employees within 115 punitive institutions. The BOP is currently accepting applications for Chaplain, Clinical Psychologist, Dental Officer, Medical Officer, Nurse Practitioner, Physician Assistant and Registered Nurse. The jobs are accessible through USAJOBS.The bureau has approximately 37, 700 highly motivated individuals working in 115 correctional institutions across the country and a wide range of occupations. Job opportunities within the correctional facilities automobile, painting, plumbing, carpentry, and electricity. They are always accepting applications for dental officer, medical officer, and registered nurse. Salaries are based on the position and location of the job you are selected to fill. The Law Enforcement Special Salary set and Locality pay scale may vary from the General Schedule and Locality pay scale.Salaries for positions such as Electrician, Mechanic, and Plumber, are found on the Federal Wage System pay scale. A variety of health insurance plans are available to Federal employees, with the Government paying about 60 to 72 percent of the cost and the employee paying 28 to 40 percent, depending on the health plan. Basic living insurance is automatic and effective on the first working day the employee is in pay and duty status, unless the empl oyee chooses to waive sustenance insurance coverage.Every employee is guaranteed a life insurance policy. The Government pays one-third of the cost for Basic life insurance. Basic life insurance is the employees salary rounded up. After 20 years of service in a position covered by hazardous duty law enforcement retirement provisions is eligible to retire at age 50. BOP has four different work life programs which makes it easier to equaliser work and family. These programs consist of teleworking, compressed, flexible, and part time work schedules.Under special, limited circumstances, inmates who meet strict requirements may be allowed temporary passings from the institution through furloughs and staff-escorted trips. A furlough allows inmates to be in the community without a staff escort. There are several purposes for furloughs for example these enable inmates to be present during a family crisis, ease re-establishing family and community ties, and allow an inmate to enroll in certain activities to help his/her free transition.The Bureau may authorize staff-escorted trips for purposes such as visiting a critically ill family member attending a funeral receiving medical treatment or participating in educational, religious, or work-related functions. The Bureaus philosophy is to release preparation begins the first day of incarceration, focus on release preparation intensifies at least 18 months prior to release. The Release Preparation Program includes classes in areas such as resume writing, job search, and job retention.The program in addition includes presentations by community-based organizations that help ex-inmates find jobs and training opportunities after release. The Bureau places appropriate inmates in halfway houses prior to release to help them adjust to life in the community and find employment. Some inmates will be eligible for a release gratuity, clothing, or money for transportation to their release destination. The Inmate Transition Bran ch provides additional pre-release employment assistance.Many institutions hold mock job fairs to provide inmates an opportunity to practice job interview skills and to expose community recruiters to the skills available among releasing inmates. Qualified inmates may apply for jobs with companies that have posted job openings. This Branch also helps inmates tog out release folders that include a resume education certificates, diplomas, and transcripts and other significant documents needed for a successful job interview. Medical, dental, and mental health service are provided to Federal inmates n Bureau facilities. Most Facilities provide one or more primary Physicians who specialize in family practice. Medical officer provide direct service to inmates in Federal prisons (e. g. performance of diagnostic and preventive). Nurses play an important role on patient health, patient safety and patient education. (e. g. honoring and evaluation of patients, perform case histories, conduct physical examinations, and order laboratory tests). Dental officers are responsible for the full range of dental care provided to inmates. pill pusher provide pharmaceutical care, they are responsible for medication. (e. g. same as nurse). Over 3,000 health care positions are offered. The food service operation within separately institution represents a major program area within the Federal Criminal Justice system. The Bureau offers a food service career for correctional cook supervisors in a fast pace and challenging environment. Cook supervisor set about full training and are responsible for serving nutritious meals and provides guidance/direction to inmate cooks, bakers, butchers as well as in sanitation.Meals are served to a population of several hundred to 2,000 per meal depending on size and type of facility. Completion of a 2 to 4 year culinary degree is desirable but qualifying experience in quantity merchandise from the military or food hospital industry is acceptable . Even though cook supervisors are at the entry level position, ambitious and interested individuals can apply for higher positions to Assistant Food Service Manager to the top Food Service Administrator. Each federal prison has its own education subdivision that provides educational and recreational activities to inmates.Inmates are encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle through physical fitness, health education and leisure programs. Inmates who participate in industries or vocational training programs are more likely to find and keep a job upon release and less likely to chase away to prison. The Bureau offers a variety of programs for inmates to acquire literacy and marketable skills to help them obtain employment after release. All institutions offer literacy classes, English as a Second Language, parenting classes, wellness education, adult continuing education, library services, and instruction in leisure-time ctivities. In most cases, inmates who do not have a high school diploma or a General Educational Development (GED) certificate must participate in the literacy program for a minimum of 240 hours or until they obtain the GED. Occupational and vocational training programs are based on the needs of the inmates, general labor market conditions, and institution labor force needs. An important component is on-the-job training, which inmates receive through institution job assignments and work in Federal Prison Industries.Parenting classes help inmates develop appropriate skills during incarceration. Recreation and wellness activities encourage healthy life styles and habits. Institution libraries carry a variety of fiction and nonfiction books, magazines, newspapers, and reference materials. Inmates also have access to legal materials to conduct legal research and prepare legal documents. The Bureau of Prisons has various job opportunities ranging from Automotive to electric and is always looking for professionals in the medical field.There are over 3,000 health care positions available ranging from Dental to nursing. While a job with the bureau of prisons maybe stressful it does offer benefits, such as retirement, paid holidays, flexibility room for branch and retirement options. Each federal prison has its own education department and inmates are encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle. It is often found that inmates who participate in industries or vocational training programs are more likely to find and keep a job upon release and less likely to return to prison.

Maternal Mortality Rate Sierra Leone Health And Social Care Essay

sierra Le superstar is an African state that is portion of the developing states of the universe. It is made up of 20 ethnic groups. Among them argon the Creole ( Krio ) group of which 10 % atomic number 18 posterities of freed Jamaican slaves, ( Quindex mundi Profile, 2010 ) . In their July 2009 estimates a population of to a greater extent than five million, with a dying rate as 22.22 deceases /1,000. In footings of gender specific matriarchal deathrate rate it is estimated to be 1 in 9 births, ( UNICEF ) , motivating Amnesty International to nickname it a human rights exigency. This means that for every nine distaff parents who give birth in sierra Leone, one is expected to decease, specifying its Maternal mortality rate as reeling compared to the equalizer of the universe and even some different developing states, ( UNICEF ) . The ICD 2007 of the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines maternal decease is any decease of a female parent during gestation and up to 42 y earss after birth. This province of personal businesss in sierra Leone is of rum importance when examined against the Millennium Development Goals of bettering maternal health by 2015.Like every state of the universe, Sierra Leone has been concern with achieving the stipulated ends of the Millennium by 2015, but seems non to be able to accomplish it. This has chiefly to off with the item that they are a underdeveloped state and as such are plagued with the same sort of challenges that the remainder of the developing states faces. The 5th MDG calls for the decrease of maternal mortality by 75 % 2015. It is thought, that critical to achieving this end is optimum direction of pregnant enceinte females during parturiency, ( Ronsmans, Elahi Chowdhury, Koblinskyc & A Ahmedb, 2010 ) . They further advised that this can merely be achieved by using skil guide medical exam suppliers, particularly during the labour procedure and for the first 24 hours thenceforth.WHO estimates, that i n special of 528,000 full-grown females die annually receivable to complications environing kid bearing and gestation. A figure of obstetric conditions stir been named as the common work ins. They include sepsis, obstructed persistence, bleeding, eclampsia, complications of abortion and ruptured wombs. They go on to describe that cumulatively, bleeding is the cause of much than half the maternal deceases in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for more than one-third obstetric deceases worldwide. In Sierra Leone, bleeding was so a major(ip) cause, the primary predisposing factor being the culturally inescapable chassis of venereal mutilation, where it was reported that 90 % of the adult females in Sierral Leone have some signifier of distaff Genital Mutilation ( FGM ) , ( Bitong 2005 ) . The ensuing cicatrix, particularly from the more invasive signifier of FGM, infibulation, significantly compromises the birth canal, much bring forthing cryings in the walls of the vagina and besides increasing the us age of episiotomy, surgical scratch into the walls of the vagina, in order to ease birth. twain processes predisposes to post-partum bleeding and decease, particularly in the absence of trained medical forces, as is most frequently the exercise in Sierra Leone.In 1980s, a chief end of primary attention in Sierra Leone was to accomplish the decrease of maternal mortality to 30 % of the present statistic, ( Konteh World Health Forum, 1998 ) . They hoped to hold accomplished this by the stopping point of the century. Konteh notes that the mark was non reached and gives a figure of underseals for its failure. One of the instals, he postulates was that interference techniques employed, were non specific for the population. The Human Services Practitioner Systemic codification ( 2008 ) , stipulates that any intercession aimed at a population must be done with thorough cognition of the population to be served and technics specially to reap into the aim o f that population. The absence of that cultural specificity has been identified as the ground why many of the pregnant adult females refrained from utilizing the services that were made available. Even so, when some of the adult females attempted to utilize the clinics, they were met with really aggressive and hostile nurses and other wellness attention forces, ( Konteh, 1998 ) . He besides noted that there was a really unworthy prenatal history since most of the adult females refused to go to the prenatal clinics allow entirely the postpartum 1s. For this ground a female parent s child birth history was mostly unknown and as such wellness attention professionals were unable to make put on the line stratification programs to efficaciously cover with any at hand complications. Notwithstanding, many bringings happened in places. In 1996, about 69.5 % of bringings in the front tooth 24 months occurred at place, 21.5 % were performed at a wellness Centre, and about 9 % occurred in the infirmary, ( Konteh, 1997 ) . He cites that this was due chiefly to the fact that deep countries were normally non reached by maternal wellness Plutos. Those countries were preponderantly served by, handed-down accoucheuses called traditional parturition helpers . Further to that, Konteh notes, these birth helpers were non good perceived among the wellness suppliers because their supplies, instruments and tools were unsterile and often the cause of infection frequently with fatal results.The Southern Cross of the affair is that Sierra Leone sees less than 50 % of its birth done by medical forces that are trained in labor, and even a smaller proportion of pregnant adult females of all time attend prenatal clinics, ( Wachuku, 1994 ) . The inevitable rise in mortality rate has led to international administrations like the Marie stop International ( MSI ) to get down work in Sierra Leone in an effort to extenuate the impact of the lifting maternal mortality rate in that state. Through its local non-governmental spouse, the Marie Stopes Society, Sierra Leone ( MSSSL ) , this administration in 1986 was involved in constructing five clinic across Sierra Leone. During their discourse what they tack together as another major cause of the blue maternal mortality rate had to make with vox populis that were steeped in societal and civilization patterns like venereal mutilation, authenticating the earlier study by the WHO, that venereal mutilation was holding strategic force out for the wellness of the female parent in childbearing. Those societal and cultural issues were considered to be a major obstruction to the effectual direction of labour exigencies. One illustration is the belief that labour enduring for more than 48 hours are non considered a complication of gestation, ( Wachuku, 1994 ) . In western medical specialty this is termed drawn-out labor and has built-in complications like obstructed labor, uterine rupture and bleeding, ( Collins, Arulkumar an, Hayes, Jackson & A Impey, 2008 ) . This is confounded by the belief that when complication occurs, it is frequently defined as a natural cause and non considered to be of an obstetric/medical beginning. The MSSSL further found that transit and deprivation of resources in the Centres impedes the bringing of exigency services when the demand arises.Konteh, ( 1997 ) piece in the community development diary, cites a figure of socioeconomic identifiers together with some wellness variables impacting maternal mortality rates in 12 chiefdoms in Sierra Leone. He foremost indicates that early wedlock was straight related to the in high spirits para, and went on to describe that more than 40 per centum ( 40 % ) of the married adult females did so by the clip they were 15 old ages old. He besides recorded that in the age group of 45- 90, approximately 85 % of them had six or more kids. He found the highest para of more than nine kids among 55.1 % of the adult females population, with even higher birthrate in some localized countries. Then effect of increased para include placenta previa, arrangement of the placenta excessively near to the neck, placenta abroptio, shed blooding between the placenta and the womb and hurried labor, highly fast labor, all of which increases the hazard of post-partum bleeding, ( Oxford Handbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology 2009 ) . This is go oning against the back dip that the bulk of adult females have neer received primary counseling, a critical determiner of wellness, ( WHO, 2010 ) . evenly far as business is concerned 80 % -90 % of the population in the countries studied by ( Kendeh 1997 ) , were subsistence husbandmans who are hapless, another of import determiner of wellness as defined by the WHO.This is non so state that the governing did non recognize and was non concerned with the rate at which maternal deceases were go oning. ( Kendeh, 1997 ) noted that the authorities recognised the demand to set in topographic point plans to extenuate the increasing mortality rate among pregnant and post-partum adult females. He found that the Government embarked upon developing community incentives to be competent in community instruction and formation of small town action groups, which was to ease emergent conveyance of adult females in labor who develop complications. In 1993 -1994 some betterment was seen but the Numberss rapidly dropped due to terrible break in service caused by civil discord, ( Kendeh et al. 1997 ) . From 1991, there has been old ages of political instability in Sierra Leone from the subverter United Front ( RUT ) who overthrew the Government and was merely able to return to democratic regulation boulder clay 1998, ( Global security, 2005 ) . This did non give the authorities adequate clip to see the program that began bettering the maternal decease state of affairs come to fruition.Absorbing the foregoing information still begs some inquiries. What so is ground for the high maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone, particularly since the chief cause of maternal mortality rate is non alone to Sierra Leone? What sets them apart from the other developing states that pattern FGM and have high incidence of post-partum bleeding? The reply lies in the apprehension that foremost, non merely does Sierra Leone pattern FGM, but they pattern the most extremist signifier of it, infibulation. Infibulation, classified as type III, involves the entire deletion of the external venereal organ and the partial sewing of the vagina, go forthing merely a little mercantile establishment for point ( Bitong, 2005 ) . It is the most utmost signifier of FGM and ninety four per centum 94 % of adult females in Sierra Leone are subjected to this signifier of FGM. This is go oning against the background that this pattern, while with a prevalence rate of 90 % , prevalence is highest in the rural countries that have really small trained wellness attention forces or health commission installa tions, and where most of the births are still done by the traditional birth helpers. As a consequence, though bleeding is the common cause of maternal mortality, in Sierra Leone, it more likely than non, to ensue in decease for the female parent.It is instead unfortunate that the blue maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone will non demo important betterment, 0.1 % as stipulated by the WHO. One implicit in ground for the deficiency of betterment is the trouble that authorities faces to supply entree to wellness service and equip installations in distant countries. This is compounded by the job of FGM, which is so culturally deep-rooted, that attempts to turn to it hold been met with violent opposition. This means that to efficaciously pull off this unstable place, a paradigm displacement will hold to happen as it relates to gender mutilation, para, apprehension of what constitutes an obstetric exigency, handiness of trained wellness financial aidance with civilization sensitive att itudes and ecumenical betterments in entree to wellness attention. Obviously this will demand a many-sided attack by many stakeholders to stem the tide, every bit good as an injection of foreign assistance to assist run into the costs. This is the repeating quandary in so many developing states, so much to make with so small resources, a state of affairs that is confounded by political instability. Public wellness professionals will hold to go on to make what they have ever done research, enlighten, give guidance and merely wait to see if the guidelines are heeded. Meanwhile, the hapless and vulnerable die day-to-day.